CallUrl('www>dorak>infohtml',0), The Extended Phenotype[edit]Main article: The Extended PhenotypeThe idea of the phenotype has been generalized by Richard Dawkins in The Extended Phenotype to mean all the effects a gene has on the outside world that may influence its chances of being replicated. extended phenotype (plural extended phenotypes) (biology) The phenotype extended to include effects that a gene has on its environment. First of all, let’s talk about two basic, but not less important, concepts that will help you to understand the extended phenotype theory: genotype and phenotype. This idea is summed up in what Dawkins calls the ‘Central Theorem of the Extended Phenotype’: ‘An animal’s behaviour tends to maximize the survival of the genes ‘for’ that behaviour, whether or not those genes happen to be in the body of the particular animal performing it’. Some genes only express a specific phenotype given certain environmental conditions. According to Dawkins, there exist three main types of extended phenotype. Beavers build dams and modify their surroundings, in the same way that a termite colony builds a termite mound and alters the land as part of their way of life. The concept of extended phenotype has been generalized in an organism-centered view of evolution with the concept of niche construction,[6] in the case where natural selection pressures can be modified by the organisms during the evolutionary process. In the words of Dawkins himself, an extended phenotype is one that is not limited to the individual body in which a gene is housed; that is, it includes “all the effects that a gene causes on the world.” Thus, a gene can influence the environment in which an organism lives through the behavior of that organism. The Extended Phenotype[edit] an extended phenotype is one that is not limited to the individual body in which a gene is housed, crickets being controlled by nematomorphs or gordiaceae, female mosquitoes carrying the protozoan that causes malaria (, gall induced by several insects on different host plants, such as cynipids (microwasps), Apreneu com es processen les dades dels comentaris, Follow All you need is Biology on WordPress.com. A recurring example of this type of extended phenotype is the manipulation of the host’s behavior by cuckoo chicks (group of birds of the Cuculidae family). ( Log Out /  Canvia ), Esteu comentant fent servir el compte Twitter. The second is manipulating other organisms. It can also refer to the two alleles of a gene (or alternative forms of a gene) inherited by an organism from its parents, one per parent. L'entrada no s'havia enviat, comproveu les vostres adreces electròniques! "[8], French Canadian neurologist, Jean-François Gariépy, develops Dawkin’s concept of power struggles between phenotypes that violate the interests of its genes into the theory of a "revolutionary phenotype". How far can the reach of genes extend in manipulating the environment of an organism? The set of observable traits expressed in an organism through the expression of its genotype is called phenotype. [11] For example, in humans, an architect's specific alleles are neither more nor less likely to be selected based on the design of his or her latest building. Thus, a more complete definition of phenotype would be the set of attributes that are manifested in an organism as the sum of its genes and the environmental pressures. A complex idea, isn’t it? Extra-chromosomal inheritance: Non-Mendelian inheritance due to extra-nuclear DNA (mitochondrial DNA in animals). Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: Esteu comentant fent servir el compte WordPress.com. The Extended Phenotype is a biological concept introduced by Richard Dawkins in a 1982 book with the same title. Dawkins summarizes these ideas in what he terms the Central Theorem of the Extended Phenotype: An animal's behaviour tends to maximize the survival of the genes "for" that behaviour, whether or not those genes happen to be in the body of the particular animal performing it. Here, the replicator would no longer be recombination and mutation in human reproduction, but decisions taken by scientists or by a supercomputer if humanity were to outsource its own genetic modification to algorithmic decision making based on big data.[9]. It should not be confused with the genome: the genome is the set of genes conforming the DNA that a species has without considering its diversity (polymorphisms) among individuals, whereas the genotype does contemplate these variations. This would lead to strange a priori scenarios such as, for example, that the phenotype of an organism was advantageous for a parasite which afflicts it rather than for itself. A classic example is that of crickets being controlled by nematomorphs or gordiaceae, a group of parasitoid ‘worms’ commonly known as hair worms, as explained in this video: To sum up: larvae of hair worms develop inside aquatic hosts, such as larvae of mayflies. Main picture: Alandmanson/Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). Apreneu com es processen les dades dels comentaris. Once in the water, the worms leave the body of the cricket behind, which drowns. In this type of extended phenotype, the parasite expresses genes that control the behavior of its host. [7], According to The University Observer, Dawkin’s concept of the extended phenotype can be applied to human institutions like financial and legal systems: "Our genes have built brains which have built financial systems which, at least in principle, maximise wealth. Genotype is the collection of genes or the genetic information that a particular organism possesses in the form of DNA. Dawkins became famous after the publication of what would be his most controversial work, “The Selfish Gene” (1976), which was a precursor to his theory of the extended phenotype. CallUrl('newatlas>com
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