Cohen, J. They might interest a wide range of people caring for people with intellectual disabilities, such as teachers, but also other professional caregivers, and other scientists focusing on intellectual disabilities or social cognition. This research was supported by the Portuguese Science Foundation (Postdoctoral Grant awarded to AC and supervised by LF SFRH/BPD/117479/2016 and CPUP UID/PSI/00050/2013; FEDER/COMPETE2020 POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007294). Henderson, V. L., & Dweck, C. S. (1990). New York: Guilford. Implicit theories of intelligence, achievement goal orientation, and academic achievement of engineering students. When studies reported more than one outcome of interest, all relevant data from each study sample were extracted. Develop efforts to reinforce students' incremental perspective of intelligence, through experiential strategies, can constitute a significant step to foster academic achievement. [2] Students who achieve a great deal of academic success early on might be most likely to believe their intelligence is fixed because they so frequently have been praised regarding their intelligence. The following study characteristics were coded: identification data (author, year of publication), country where the study was developed, sample size, mean age of the participants, gender distribution (the percentage of male participants), participants' educational level, instrument used to assess ITI, type of measurement of ITI (incremental or entity), outcomes of academic achievement (verbal, quantitative, general assessment, and self-report achievement), and data needed for computing an effect size (all the included studies reported the correlational coefficient between ITI and academic achievement). Validation, Two models of regression analysis were run for each dependent variable: trait scores for the three traits related to intelligence (“intelligent”, “stupid” and “educable”) and implicit attitude. It used a metric that was calibrated by each respondent’s latency variability and included a latency penalty for errors. Research has indicated that TIS has good reliability (α from 0.82 to 0.97) and construct validity (Dweck et al., 1995). [19] If the situation is framed in a manner that emphasizes learning and process rather than success, mindset can be altered. Carol Dweck identified two different mindsets regarding intelligence beliefs. Br. of students' achievement goals: A mediation analysis. New York: Wiley. No matter what group (work experience in the field of intellectual disability or not) or TIS, most participants viewed intelligence as incremental (the mean TIS score was below 3.5).


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