lenin and philosophy summary

16. This idea may be more or less correct, as one passes from the proletarians to the non-proletarian wage-workers: it will not be fundamentally falsified. A shade of meaning perhaps, but an important one. A second -- theoretical -- difficulty.  page 39 page 120 For example, the theory of the organic composition of capital. The move away from the economic and to the state as a the locus on power can be problematic. at a moment when he had not read Hegel, which leads us to a 'shocking' but correct conclusion: basically, Lenin did not need to read Hegel in order to understand him, because he had already understood Hegel, having closely read and understood Marx. . . the extraordinary Volume One Part I, extraordinary because it is still Hegelian, not only in its terminology, but also in its order of exposition, it is essential to know Hegel's Logic through and through and for good reason. So academic philosophy cannot tolerate Lenin (or Marx for that matter) for two reasons, which are really one and the same. the insistence of a certain problem which may well produce philosophical effects, but only insofar as it is not itself in the last instance a philosophical question. Here, too, Lenin is taking up a classical thesis expounded by Engels in Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, but he gives it an unprecedented scope.  page 114 174n.).     From living perception to abstract thought, and from this to practice -- such is the dialectical path of the cognition of truth, of the cognition of objective reality.     On the nature of this law I refer the reader to Marx's letters to Kugelmann on 6 March and 11 July 1868, among other texts.  page 92 from 1914 et seq. It is Marx's greatest work, the one to which he devoted his whole life after 1850, and to which he sacrificed the better part of his personal and family existence in bitter tribulation. It would surely be unbecoming on my part, even given all the requisite tact, to open a case against the French philosophical tradition of the last one hundred and fifty years, since the silence in which French philosophy has buried this past is worth more than any open indictment. The proof: History is the Spirit, it is the last moment of the alienation of a process which 'begins' with Logic, continues with Nature and ends with the Spirit, the Spirit, i.e. on Capital written between 1893 and 1905, he would appear as not having 'understood Marx ', since before 1914-1915, Lenin had not 'thoroughly studied and understood the whole of Hegel's Logic'! I then advise the reader who has reached the end of Part IV to leave Part V (The Production of Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value) for the moment, and to move directly on to Part VI, on Wages, which is perfectly clear. To give some contemporary idea of this, other things being equal, we can say that the philosophy which certain biologists, geneticists and linguists today are busy manufacturing around 'information theory' is a little philosophical 'crisis' of the same kind, in this case a euphoric one. And that is why he is so fascinated by the Absolute Idea.  page 26 Such a theory may be fatal for philosophy, since it lives by its denegation. [3] 1. It is clear that the new philosophical categories are elaborated in the work of the new science. Reading Capital in fact presents two types of difficulty which have nothing to do with each other. the inauguration of a new materialist and revolutionary practice of philosophy which induces effects of class division in theory. Only later did they disappear completely : the Critique of the Gotha Programme And Lenin denounces and knocks down all those ephemerally philosophical scientists who thought their time had come. Unless otherwise stated, the works referred to exist in translations published by International Publishers. P O I N T  I page 188 The Party is purging itself from petty bourgeois dross. . But it enables us to reveal a number of important consequences nonetheless. 'Contradictory', but a fact! Hence Lenin read Feuerbach and Hegel in 1914-15, during the first two years of the inter-imperialist War, nine years after the crushing of the Revolution of October 1905, at the most critical moment in the History of the Workers' Movement, the moment of the treachery of the Social-Democratic Parties of the Second International, whose practice of a Holy Alliance inaugurated the great split which was to culminate in the gigantic work of Lenin and .     Two sorts of readers confront Capital : those who have direct experience of capitalist exploitation (above all the proletarians or wage-labourers in direct production, but also, with nuances according to their place in the production system, the non-proletarian wage-labourers); and those who have no direct experience of capitalist exploitation, but who are, on the contrary, ruled in their practices and consciousness by the ideology of the ruling class, bourgeois ideology. In particular, the specialists who work in the domains of the 'Human Sciences' and of the Social Sciences (a smaller domain), i.e. We surely owe this service and this homage to the man who was lucky enough to be born in time for politics, but unfortunate enough to be born too early for philosophy. 2. Only the militants of the proletarian class struggle have drawn the conclusions from Capital : they have recognized its account of the mechanisms of capitalist exploitation, and grouped themselves in the organizations of the eco- The critique of Kant's transcendental subjectivism contained in the selective reading in which Lenin 'lays bare' Hegel entails: a wage-labourer 'employed' in capitalist production (urban or agricultural). This discovery, which I regard as essential, can be formulated in the following theses: 1. First fact And that is why he is so fascinated by the Absolute Idea. Lenin's Marxism and Revisionism (1908). Only the militants of the proletarian class struggle have drawn the conclusions from Capital : they have recognized its account of the mechanisms of capitalist exploitation, and grouped themselves in the organizations of the eco-. Individually certain of them may (politically) be declared revolutionaries, and courageous ones. Sometimes, as in the Chapter on the Absolute Idea, the materialist kernel reaches almost to the surface, a mere laying bare is enough. Marx showed that the capitalist class has never paid and will never pay the workers overtime rates to please them, or to allow them to supplement their incomes at the cost of their health, but only in order to exploit them more. Their political practice has been transformed by it. For the convenience of the reader and in order to 'crystallize his ideas', he argues around a 'concrete' (i.e. These ideas have had no trouble 'winning' a wide audience, since the latter was 'won' to them in advance by its anti-socialist and anti-Marxist ideological prejudices. The critique of Kant's transcendental subjectivism contained in the selective reading in which Lenin 'lays bare' Hegel entails: . I say related to (en rapport ), for Lenin says no more than that, and besides, he never says that philosophy can be reduced to the class struggle pure and simple, or even to what the Marxist tradition calls the ideological class struggle. This is not me speaking, but Lenin, following Marx. In either case, a labour involving more or less transformation is necessary. Marx's Critique of the Gotha Programme (1875). Moreover, that is how it was read more than half a century later, by Labriola, and then following him, by Gramsci, both of whom defined Marxism essentially as a new philosophy, a 'philosophy of praxis'. A single word sums up the master function of philosophical practice: 'to draw a dividing line ' between the true ideas and false ideas. The Marxist-Leninist revolution in philosophy consists of a rejection of the idealist conception of philosophy (philosophy as an 'interpretation of the world') which denies that philosophy expresses a class position, although it always does so itself, and the adoption of the proletarian class position in philosophy, which is materialist, i.e. Hence a first piece of advice to the reader: always keep closely in mind the idea that Capital is a work of theory, and that its object is the mechanisms of the capitalist mode of production alone. The role of the worker-professionals is increasing. Overtime seems to 'cost the capitalists a great deal' since they pay time-and a quarter, time-and-a-half or even double time as compared with normal rates. This thesis concerns the history of philosophy conceived as the history of an age-old struggle between two tendencies: idealism and materialism. 2. the elimination of the category of the Subject (whether transcendental or otherwise);  page 42 Now, this work is vast and difficult. 'world market' in Capital, i.e. Kautsky's Agrarian Question (1903)[24] of which Lenin had a high opinion, and above all to 'New Data on the Laws Governing the Development of Capitalism in Agriculture' (1915: Vol. of Lenin’s philosophical theory which are not dealt with here. And as Hegel himself suggested by the beginning of Logic, being = nothingness, and by the very place of Logic, origin negated as origin, Subject negated as Subject, Lenin finds in it a confirmation of the fact that it is absolutely essential (as he had learnt simply from a thorough-going reading of Capital ) to suppress every origin and every subject, and to say : what is absolute is the process without a subject, both in reality and in scientific knowledge. This is what Marx wrote: Market system is also called Capitalist systemANSWER IN ONE WORD10. We can now understand that the ultimate reason for the philosophical limitations of Materialism and Empirio-criticism was not just a matter of the constraints of the ideological struggle.     5. But before we can really see how the relations between Lenin and philosophy reached this point, we must go back a little and, before discussing Lenin and philosophy in general, we have to establish Lenin's place in Marxist philosophy, and therefore to raise the question of the state of Marxist philosophy. Everyone had a world outlook spontaneously. Readers can then go on to Part VII (The Accumulation of Capital), which is very clear.

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