Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? 195–197, Porter, pp. [85], Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the House of Commons unsuccessfully petitioned her to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of the Habsburgs. Doran, Susan and Thomas Freeman, eds. She was succeeded by her half sister Elizabeth I. When Anne Boleyn gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth, Mary was made to serve as a lady-in-waiting to her half sister. Queen of England and Ireland from 1553-1558, For the Queen of Scotland during Mary I's reign, see. ", Mayer, Thomas F. (1996). [135] In August, English forces were victorious in the aftermath of the Battle of Saint Quentin, with one eyewitness stating "Both sides fought most choicely, and the English best of all. 119–123; Waller, pp. [80] Mary was left in a difficult position, as almost all the Privy Counsellors had been implicated in the plot to put Lady Jane on the throne. Clement may have been reluctant to act because he was influenced by Charles V, Catherine's nephew and Mary's former betrothed, whose troops had surrounded and occupied Rome in the War of the League of Cognac. A woman of 37 now, she was forceful, sincere, bluff, and hearty like her father but, in contrast to him, disliked cruel punishments and the signing of death warrants. Despite her belief in the papal supremacy, she ruled constitutionally as the Supreme Head of the English Church, a contradiction under which she bridled. As soon as she heard that he was dead, Mary sent proclamations throughout the country announcing that she was queen. They marched to London but were defeated by Mary’s supporters. [32] In early 1533, Henry married Anne Boleyn, who was pregnant with his child, and in May Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, formally declared the marriage with Catherine void, and the marriage to Anne valid. [86] The marriage was unpopular with the English; Gardiner and his allies opposed it on the basis of patriotism, while Protestants were motivated by a fear of Catholicism. Philip suggested marrying Elizabeth to a Catholic (and ally of the Holy Roman Emperor): Philibert, Duke of Savoy. 86–87; Whitelock, p. 237, Porter, p. 338; Waller, p. 95; Whitelock, p. 255, "The queen's pregnancy turns out not to have been as certain as we thought": Letter of 25 April 1554, quoted in Porter, p. 337 and Whitelock, p. 257, Antoine de Noailles quoted in Whitelock, p. 269, Loades, pp. ", Haigh, pp. [39] Although both she and her mother were ill, Mary was refused permission to visit Catherine. [78], One of Mary's first actions as queen was to order the release of the Roman Catholic Duke of Norfolk and Stephen Gardiner from imprisonment in the Tower of London, as well as her kinsman Edward Courtenay. To achieve this end, she was determined to marry Philip II of Spain, the son of the emperor Charles V and 11 years her junior, though most of her advisers advocated her cousin Courtenay, earl of Devon, a man of royal blood. 392–395; Whitelock, pp. In October 1537 Jane gave birth to Edward, Henry’s long-awaited son. [99] Parliament passed an act making Philip regent in the event of Mary's death in childbirth. [41] Catherine was interred in Peterborough Cathedral, while Mary grieved in semi-seclusion at Hunsdon in Hertfordshire. Anne’s hatred pursued Mary so relentlessly that Mary feared execution, but, having her mother’s courage and all her father’s stubbornness, she would not admit to the illegitimacy of her birth. Henry was now reconciled to her and gave her a household befitting her position and again made plans for her betrothal. Mary’s life changed drastically after this. Her younger half-brother, Edward VI, succeeded their father in 1547 at the age of nine. [91] While Mary's grandparents, Ferdinand and Isabella, had retained sovereignty of their own realms during their marriage, there was no precedent to follow in England. [58] Her executioner was "a wretched and blundering youth" who "literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces". The persistent rain and subsequent flooding led to famine. [69], On 6 July 1553, at the age of 15, Edward VI died from a lung infection, possibly tuberculosis. [88] Mary declared publicly that she would summon Parliament to discuss the marriage, and if Parliament decided that the marriage was not to the advantage of the kingdom, she would refrain from pursuing it. When Mary was in her thirties, she attended a reunion with Edward and Elizabeth for Christmas 1550, where the 13-year-old Edward embarrassed Mary, and reduced both her and himself to tears in front of the court, by publicly reproving her for ignoring his laws regarding worship. They were both executed on February 12, 1554. [55] Cromwell fell from favour and was arrested for treason in June 1540; one of the unlikely charges against him was that he had plotted to marry Mary himself. Nor would she enter a convent when ordered to do so. Thenceforward the queen, now known as Bloody Mary, was hated, her Spanish husband distrusted and slandered, and she herself blamed for the vicious slaughter. [57], In 1541, Henry had the Countess of Salisbury, Mary's old governess and godmother, executed on the pretext of a Catholic plot, in which her son (Reginald Pole) was implicated. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919. Mary, however, refused to reprieve him. Within five years he fell seriously ill, probably with tuberculosis. This demand ignored, he presently jilted her and concluded a more advantageous match. Mary married the Catholic king Philip of Spain in 1554. Had she been born a boy, it is likely that the whole of English history would have been different (but probably less interesting! Mary was now the most important European princess. [121] Under the normal process of the law, he should have been absolved as a repentant. In 1525 she was named princess of Wales by her father, although the lack of official documents suggests she was never formally invested. She was married to King Philip II of Spain. [111], Elizabeth remained at court until October, apparently restored to favour. Philip persuaded Parliament to repeal Henry's religious laws, thus returning the English church to Roman jurisdiction. Catherine was demoted to Dowager Princess of Wales (a title she would have held as the widow of Arthur), and Mary was deemed illegitimate. "[95], To elevate his son to Mary's rank, Emperor Charles V ceded to Philip the crown of Naples as well as his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. [120] Thomas Cranmer, the imprisoned archbishop of Canterbury, was forced to watch Bishops Ridley and Latimer being burned at the stake. [113], In the month following her accession, Mary issued a proclamation that she would not compel any of her subjects to follow her religion, but by the end of September 1553, leading Protestant churchmen—including John Bradford, John Rogers, John Hooper, Hugh Latimer, and Thomas Cranmer—were imprisoned. Mary realized what the dukes were planning, but there was little she could do while Edward was still alive. In 1528 Wolsey's agent Thomas Magnus discussed the idea of her marriage to James V of Scotland with the Scottish diplomat Adam Otterburn. Dudley remained in exile in France, and Noailles prudently left Britain. [96] This style, which had been in use since 1554, was replaced when Philip inherited the Spanish Crown in 1556 with "Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, both the Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol". [60] At court, while her father was between marriages and without a consort, Mary acted as hostess. Furthering the Tudor conquest of Ireland, under Mary and Philip's reign English colonists were settled in the Irish Midlands. "[154], Although Mary's will stated that she wished to be buried next to her mother, she was interred in Westminster Abbey on 14 December, in a tomb she would eventually share with Elizabeth. Although he was in deacon's orders and prominent in the church, Pole was not ordained until the day before his consecration as archbishop (Loades, p. 319). For these reasons, almost the entirety of her court, including her doctors, believed her to be pregnant. 213–214; Waller, p. 54; Whitelock, pp. MARY IN HENRY VIII'S REIGN. [82] On 1 October 1553, Gardiner crowned Mary at Westminster Abbey. [26] A marriage treaty was signed which provided that Mary marry either Francis I or his second son Henry, Duke of Orleans,[27] but Wolsey secured an alliance with France without the marriage. [160] John Knox attacked her in his First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women (1558), and she was prominently vilified in Actes and Monuments (1563), by John Foxe. [72] Therefore, instead of heading to London from her residence at Hunsdon, Mary fled into East Anglia, where she owned extensive estates and Dudley had ruthlessly put down Kett's Rebellion. As head of this new church Henry granted himself the divorce. [59] In 1542, following the execution of Henry's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, the unmarried Henry invited Mary to attend the royal Christmas festivities. [122] In total, 283 were executed, most by burning. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [66] A plan between May and July 1550 to smuggle her out of England to the safety of the European mainland came to nothing. [132], Philip returned to England from March to July 1557 to persuade Mary to support Spain in a renewed war against France. [53] Over 1539, the king's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, negotiated a potential alliance with the Duchy of Cleves. The Latin inscription on their tomb, Regno consortes et urna, hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores, in spe resurrectionis (affixed there by James I when he succeeded Elizabeth), translates to: "Consorts in realm and tomb, we sisters Elizabeth and Mary here lie down to sleep in hope of the resurrection. Mary inherited estates in Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, and was granted Hunsdon and Beaulieu as her own. [9], Mary was a precocious child. Reaching an agreement took many months and Mary and Pope Julius III had to make a major concession: the confiscated monastery lands were not returned to the church but remained in the hands of their influential new owners. Anne, the new queen, bore the king a daughter, Elizabeth (the future queen), forbade Mary access to her parents, stripped her of her title of princess, and forced her to act as lady-in-waiting to the infant Elizabeth.

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