[452], Newspapers, like other media, were controlled by the state; the Reich Press Chamber shut down or bought newspapers and publishing houses. This relatively low number in comparison to the occupied nations of Western Europe can be attributed to the devastating fighting on the Eastern Front. Immersive and evocative, it takes viewers inside the Germany of the 20s, 30s, and early 40s, through the use of rare and never-before-seen home movies, Nazi propaganda films and other contemporaneous material. [135] Soviet forces continued to push westward after the failed German offensive at the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943.

Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2020, Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition [321] The goal was to implement Generalplan Ost after the conquest of the Soviet Union, but when the invasion failed Hitler had to consider other options. [118][119] All of Yugoslavia and parts of Greece were subsequently divided between Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Bulgaria. Historian Richard Overy describes it as being somewhere in between the command economy of the Soviet Union and the capitalist system of the United States. This shopping feature will continue to load items when the Enter key is pressed. He viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader—at the apex. [278][279], By 1944, over a half million women served as auxiliaries in the German armed forces. [11] The Nazis proposed national and cultural renewal based upon the Völkisch movement. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. By targeting oil refineries and factories, they crippled the German war effort by late 1944. Thomas Childers was formerly the Sheldon and Lucy Hackney Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania and the recipient of numerous fellowships and awards. [103], Against the advice of many of his senior military officers, in May 1940 Hitler ordered an attack on France and the Low Countries. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition [326] One in four of the Soviet population were killed or wounded. Coordinates: 52°31′N 13°24′E / 52.517°N 13.400°E / 52.517; 13.400. Most of the victims came from disadvantaged groups such as prostitutes, the poor, the homeless, and criminals. Catholic schools were required to reduce religious instruction and crucifixes were removed from state buildings. [113] Famine was experienced in many occupied countries. [224] Under Ernst Röhm's leadership the SA grew by 1934 to over half a million members—4.5 million including reserves—at a time when the regular army was still limited to 100,000 men by the Versailles Treaty. Nazi foreign policy aimed from the beginning to wage a war of annihilation against the Soviet Union, and the peacetime years of the Nazi regime were spent preparing the German people for war. The decision to attack the Soviet Union and the decisive defeat at Stalingrad led to the retreat of the German armies and the eventual loss of the war.

[139] German aircraft production could not keep pace with losses, and without air cover the Allied bombing campaign became even more devastating. View the list of all donors. The sections covering WWII and the Holocaust offer more of a broad overview -- for those who want to do more of a deep dive into that part of the history, you will want to supplement this book with other sources. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the master race, the purest branch of the Aryan race. [431] Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, who initially supported Hitler, changed his mind in 1936 and was later a participant in the July 20 plot. "Nevertheless, the available evidence suggests that, on the whole, ordinary Germans did not approve. [29] Individual states not controlled by elected Nazi governments or Nazi-led coalitions were forced to agree to the appointment of Reich Commissars to bring the states in line with the policies of the central government.
In September 1930 the new Reichstag was seated with greatly increased representation for both the Nazis and the Communists. Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World, Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World. Charles River Editors examines the history of Nazi Germany. Exeter [UK]: University of Exeter Press, 1998-2001. [243][244] Himmler established the beginnings of a parallel economy under the auspices of the SS Economy and Administration Head Office. [10] They promised a strong central government, increased Lebensraum ("living space") for Germanic peoples, formation of a national community based on race, and racial cleansing via the active suppression of Jews, who would be stripped of their citizenship and civil rights. [164], Germany regained control of the Saarland through a referendum held in 1935 and annexed Austria in the Anschluss of 1938. The productions were not always overtly propagandistic, but generally had a political subtext and followed party lines regarding themes and content. [436] Another civilian resistance group, the Kreisau Circle, had some connections with the military conspirators, and many of its members were arrested after the failed 20 July plot. [145], During the Battle of Berlin (16 April 1945 – 2 May 1945), Hitler and his staff lived in the underground Führerbunker while the Red Army approached. [492], "Drittes Reich" redirects here.


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