Economic geographers investigate how markets for goods and services are culturally created and changed and the implications for both where production occurs and where jobs are created and destroyed.

The first four—economic, social, cultural, and political—reflect both the main areas of contemporary life and the social science disciplines with which geographers interact (i.e., economics , sociology , anthropology , and political science and international relations , respectively); the fifth is historical geography . That is the study of areas which have a concentration of buildings and infrastructure. Human geography is one of the two major branches of geography, together with physical geography. The now fairly distinct differences between the subfields of physical and human geography have developed at a later date. Settlement geography, including urban geography, is the study of urban and rural areas with specific regards to spatial, relational and theoretical aspects of settlement. A common theme is the study of the geographies of the past and how a place or region changes through time. Political geography is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures. Many negotiations involve conflict and the exercise of power—for example, the imperial strategies in the construction of 19th- and 20th-century worlds and postcolonial responses to others’ worldviews imposed on them. Sort by. A cultural landscape can either limit or nurture the development of various aspects of culture. For others, the later developments, especially in cultural geography, coincided with their deployment of a wide range of nonquantitative sources to reconstruct the real and imagined, as well as the abstract (spatial analysis), worlds of the past; issues of postcolonialism have attracted the attention of historical geographers as well as those interested in current cultural issues. A similar concern with both human and physical aspects is apparent during the later 19th and first half of the 20th centuries focused on regional geography. To others, however, issues unique to rural, low-density areas call for a separate rural geography; although typical urban problems such as poverty, homelessness, social exclusion, and access to public facilities are also characteristic of rural low-density areas, particular issues there include the society-nature relationships, common images of the “rural,” and the role of tourism in reinvigorating rural economies. Behavioral geography emerged for some time as a means to understand how people made perceived spaces and places, and made locational decisions. Within this enterprise is a rejuvenated interest in the history of geography itself, not merely as a means of better appreciating where the discipline has come from but also of illustrating the importance of place and context in its evolution; geography, like so much else, is a range of practices that emerged and evolved in response to local stimuli. Human geography or anthropogeography is the branch of geography that deals with humans and their communities, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment by studying their relations with and across locations. In only 200 years, the world's urban population has grown from 2 percent to nearly 50 percent of all people. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The study of cultures, communities and activities of peoples of the world. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The first four—economic, social, cultural, and political—reflect both the main areas of contemporary life and the social science disciplines with which geographers interact (i.e., economics, sociology, anthropology, and political science and international relations, respectively); the fifth is historical geography. It is moving away from mass products manufactured on large assembly lines toward myriad small niche markets with factories having relatively short production lines and rapid changes in the details of their products. It is the study of the many cultural aspects found throughout the world and how they relate to the spaces and places where they originate and the spaces and places they then travel to, as people continually move across various areas. It focuses on describing and analyzing the ways language, religion, economy, government, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially.[7].



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