Citing surveys showing that the large majority of people in high leadership positions are members of the wealthy upper class, critics of pluralism claim that the state serves the interests of the upper class rather than equitably serving the interests of all social groups. Title II, Section 202 of the National Industrial Recovery Act, passed June 16, 1933, directed the Public Works Administration (PWA) to develop a program for the "construction, reconstruction, alteration, or repair under public regulation or control of low-cost housing and slum clearance projects ...". [18] The study further found that public housing tends to concentrate those who struggle the most economically into a specific area, further raising poverty levels. Each successive government is composed of a specialized and privileged body of individuals, who monopolize political decision-making, and are separated by status and organization from the population as a whole. [66], For Marxist theorists, the role of the modern bourgeois state is determined by its function in the global capitalist order. Gotham, Kevin Fox, "Separate and Unequal: The Housing Act of 1968 and the Section 235 Program." Anarchism is a political philosophy which considers the state and hierarchies to be immoral, unnecessary and harmful and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy, a self-managed, self-governed society based on voluntary, cooperative institutions. We should not divert assistance from those who need it most."[14]. [19] The study found that while out-migration of the non-poor and in-migration of the poor were associated with the creation of public housing, such associations disappeared with the introduction of statistical controls, suggesting that migration levels were caused by characteristics of the neighborhood itself rather than the public housing unit. [48] The program, colloquially known as Section 8, currently assists more than 1.4 million households. Again in response to the growing discontent with public housing, urban developers began looking for alternate forms of affordable, low-income housing. Ross, Lauren M., Anne B. Shay, and Mario G. Picon. Early tenement reform was primarily a philanthropic venture, with Model Tenements built as early as the 1870s which attempted to use new architectural and management models to address the physical and social problems of the slums. [26][27][28] That is, governments are the means through which state power is employed. Even in the most ethnically homogeneous societies there is not always a complete correspondence between state and nation, hence the active role often taken by the state to promote nationalism through emphasis on shared symbols and national identity.

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